Brown Falcon

1. Plumage varies geographically: southeastern birds are generally brown, inland birds more rufous, and northern birds darker.

2. Most have a pale face with two dark streaks below the eyes.

3. Long, unfeathered legs and a slow, heavy flight pattern, often described as "rowing," set them apart from other Australian falcons

Brown Falcons are opportunistic hunters, feeding on small mammals, reptiles, insects, and occasionally birds. Insects make up a significant part of their diet in winter. They often hunt from a perch but may also pursue prey on the ground. Breeding occurs from June to November in southern Australia and November to April in the north. They usually use old stick nests built by other birds, laying 2–5 eggs per clutch. Both parents care for the young, with the female handling most incubation and the male providing food. Threats include habitat loss, rodenticides, and vehicle collisions

Brown Falcons inhabit open landscapes such as grasslands, farmland, pastures, heathlands, saltbush plains, woodland edges, and urban fringes. They are frequently seen perched in elevated positions, watching for prey. Active throughout the day, they are especially noticeable at dawn and dusk. Their loud, cackling calls are often heard when defending territory or communicating with mates

The Brown Falcon, known as "Berigora" in some Aboriginal people’s languages, features in several stories, including the Warlpiri Water Dreaming (Ngapa Jukurrpa), where the falcon plays a role in carrying storms across the landscape. In Arnhem Land, the Brown Falcon (Karrkanj) is recognised for its association with fire and is significant to the Rembarrnga and Dalabon peoples.